Although most kidney diseases are not hereditary, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has familial predispositions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the presence of maternal and paternal CKD is differentially associated with their offspring’s kidney function. Using a database from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys between 2005 and 2018, we conducted a population-based cross-sectional study in 4,707 offspring who were aged 19-40 and their 7,318 parents. Considering age-specific threshold of decreased kidney function, parental and offspring CKD were defined as eGFR <60 and <75 ml/min/1.73m2, respectively. The mean age was 25.6 years and 58.3% were men. There were 414 (8.8%) offspring with parental CKD. They were more likely to be smokers (38.9% vs. 29.3%), had higher proportion of dyslipidemia (30.9% vs. 18.8%), and diabetes (2.4% vs. 0.9%), and had lower eGFR (87.4 vs. 97.7 ml/min/1.73m2) than those without parental CKD. Parental eGFR well correlated with their offspring’s eGFR. In multivariable logistic analysis after adjustment of confounding factors, parental CKD was associated with 4.5-fold higher odds for offspring CKD (Odds ratio [OR], 4.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.13-6.47). This association was more prominent in the presence of maternal CKD. The OR for CKD in offspring with maternal CKD was 5.60 (95% CI, 3.69-8.50) and the corresponding OR in those with paternal CKD was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.55-4.43). Moreover, the odds for offspring CKD was greatest when both maternal and paternal CKD were present (OR, 12.02; 95% CI, 4.22-34.20). There was a significant interaction for offspring CKD between offspring sex and maternal CKD; maternal CKD was more associated with daughter’s decreased kidney function than son’s. Our study showed that parental CKD was significantly associated with offspring’s kidney function and this association was stronger in the presence of maternal CKD.