Most cases of detergent poisoning occur through oral ingestion, and those that occur through an intravenous injection are extremely rare. Here, we report a unique case of acute kidney injury caused by detergent poisoning through an accidental intravenous injection. A 61-year-old man was intravenously injected with 20 mL of detergent by another patient in the same room of a local hospital. The patient complained of vascular pain, chest discomfort, and nausea, and was transferred to our institution. After hospitalization, the patient’s serum creatinine level increased to 5.42 mg/dL, and his daily urine output decreased to approximately 300 mL. Renal biopsy findings noted that diffuse acute tubular injury was observed; however, the glomeruli were relatively intact. Generalized edema was also noted, and the patient underwent a total of four hemodiafiltration sessions. Afterward, the patient’s urine output gradually increased whereas the serum creatinine level decreased. The patient was discharged in a stable status without any sequelae. In treating a patient with detergent poisoning, physicians should be aware that the renal function may also deteriorate. In addition, timely renal replacement therapy may help improve the patient’s prognosis.