Objectives: Despite the rapid growth of the health food market, the effect of dietary supplements for health on kidney diseases is not well known. This study aimed to evaluate the association between CKD and the consumption of dietary supplements in a Korean adult population. Methods: A total of 11,734 participants who completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2015 to 2017 were assessed for their dietary supplements’ consumption, and renal function. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤60 mL/min/1.73 m² or a positive dipstick urinalysis. Results: Of the total responders, 4,353 people (37.1%) have taken dietary supplements for health. The main components of supplements were classified into 47 categories, and renal function according to each supplement intake was examined. Among dietary supplements, vitamin & mineral intake was the most at 69.6%, followed by omega-3 fatty acids 25.3%, probiotics 9.8%, ginseng 9.02%, and lutein-containing supplements 5.97%. The prevalence of CKD was significantly lower in those who took vitamins & minerals than those who did not, and CKD was also significantly less in the probiotic intake group. Conversely, those who consumed ginseng containing supplements had a significantly higher prevalence of CKD than those who did not. The prevalence of CKD was also high in the group taking plant extracts (berries) or amino acid & protein supplements, but there was no statistical significance. When analyzing only those who consumed dietary supplements for more than 2 weeks, similar associations between intake of vitamins & minerals, probiotics, or ginseng and CKD were observed. However, in a healthy population without underlying disease, there was no statistical significance between dietary supplement intake and CKD. Conclusions: Our results suggest that taking dietary supplements for health may affect kidney function. Further large-scale cohort studies are needed to elucidate the exact effects of each dietary supplement on CKD.