Objectives: Dietary intake of vitamins is usually announced as healthy behavior. However, the impact of each vitamin on health is different according to the baseline health status. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the impact of each vitamin on all-cause mortality according to the kidney function among the general population. Methods: We used data from the 82,091 subjects of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2015. We used dietary recall data of vitamin A, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, vitamin C, E, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, and B12. The subjects were divided by eGFR 90 mL/min/1.73m2. The intake of each vitamin was divided into the quartile; the first quartile group was regarded as the reference. We used a multivariate Cox-proportional hazard model to identify the impact of each vitamin on all-cause mortality. Results: Among 36,733 subjects, there were 15,797 (43.0%) subjects with eGFR <90 mL/min/1.73m2. During 98.1±53.8 months, there were 4,460 (12.1%) death was detected. There was no significant effect of dietary vitamins in subjects with eGFR ≥90. However, a higher intake of most vitamins except vitamin B1, B9, and B12 significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality in subjects with eGFR <90. Higher intake of vitamin A, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene showed favorable results irrespective of subgroups. Higher intake of vitamin B9 significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality in males (aHR 0.84 in Q4) and subjects with hypertension (aHR 0.86 in Q4). Vitamin B12 showed the opposite effect in subjects with age <70 (aHR 1.32 in Q3) and age ≥70 (aHR 0.84 in Q4), and male (1.21 in Q3) and female (aHR 0.83 in Q4). Conclusions: Dietary intake in most vitamins is prominently helpful in subjects with eGFR <90. Each type of vitamin showed a different impact on all-cause mortality, more specified counseling needs to be addressed especially in subjects with kidney dysfunction.