Objectives: Limited information is available on the relationship between weekend catch-up sleep (WCS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to investigates the association between WCS and CKD in adults. Methods: This study included 4,961 participants aged 40 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2017 and 2020. WCS was defined as sleeping more than one hour longer on weekends compared to weekdays. The association between WCS and both CKD and albuminuria was evaluated using adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Participants with WCS had a significantly lower prevalence of CKD compared to those without WCS in both crude and adjusted models (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.49-0.93). Catching up on sleep for 1-2 hours was significantly associated with a decreased risk of CKD (fully adjusted OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.40-0.94, p-value = 0.033). Furthermore, 1-2 hours of WCS was associated with a lower prevalence of albuminuria among individuals sleeping less than 6 hours on weekdays (OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.05-0.28, p-value = 0.001). Conclusions: Weekend catch-up sleep is associated with a reduced risk of CKD, showing significantly lower prevalence rates with 1 to 2 hours of catching up on sleep. WCS is also linked to a reduced risk of albuminuria among individuals sleeping less than 6 hours on weekdays. These findings indicate the potential benefits of WCS in preventing kidney disease. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these results.