Objectives: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) studies indicate that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant cause of death globally. This study assesses the health and demographic characteristics of patients receiving hemodialysis at Klaten Islamic General Hospital in Indonesia. The goal is to determine the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) leading causes of the patients, the socioeconomic and healthcare-related variables linked to them. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from ESRD patients on hemodialysis at Klaten Islamic General Hospital. We evaluated variables such as gender prevalence, age, socioeconomic factors such as education and occupational status, dropout rate (including in-hospital mortality), and the leading cause of the patients from 2019 until 2023. We aimed to understand the fluctuations of ESRD patients from the pre-COVID-19 pandemic to the post-pandemic era. Results: According to the study, hypertension was the leading cause of ESRD (82.18%), and diabetes became the second leading cause (35.47%). The data from 2019 until 2023 showed that the majority are male patients (57.4%) and secondary school graduates (36.6%). The largest age group ranged from 51 to 60 years old (36.9%). Private employees became the second-largest occupation (19.7%). The study found that the highest dropout rate was in 2021–2022, consisting of 358 patients, drastically increasing by 13–14% compared to 2019–2020 (265 patients) and 2020–2021 (275 patients). About 31.4% of patients in 2021 were recorded as deceased in-hospital, primarily because of the severe coronavirus infection. The dropout rate in 2022-2023 decreased by 13% from the previous year. Conclusions: Male patients, those with low educational levels, and people in their middle years made up the majority of ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis. The delta variant coronavirus infection was supposed to affect and cause the highest number of dropouts and mortality rates in 2021.