Exchange of renal replacement therapy may lead to change in body composition. Previous studies have evaluated the change of body composition in each renal replacment therapy, but few studies have evaluated changes in body composition after kidney transplantation (KT) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Forty-three KT recipients after PD were enrolled. Body composition measurements were performed at 1 month and 1 year after the initiation of PD, and prior to KT, and 1 year after KT. Body compositions were measured using the Inbody 4.0 Body Composition Analyzer (Biospace, Seoul, Korea). The mean age was 56.1 ± 9.3 years. Mean duration of PD was 87.3 ± 38.7 months. The edema index value at 1 month, 1 year after the PD initiation, before KT, 1 month and 1 year after KT was 0.393 ± 0.017, 0.388 ± 0.013, 0.397 ± 0.015, 0.400 ± 0.009, and 0.394 ± 0.009, respectively. Fat mass at 1 month, 1 year after the PD initiation, before KT, 1 month and 1 year after KT was 13.1 ± 5.5, 15.8 ± 5.5, 15.0 ± 6.4, 14.3 ± 5.7, and 16.38 ± 6.6 kg, respectively. Fat free mass at 1 month, 1 year after the PD initiation, before KT, 1 month and 1 year after KT was 50.1 ± 10.6, 51.3 ± 11.0, 51.5 ± 10.3, 45.4 ± 7.0, and 46.9 ± 7.9 kg, respectively. Early transplant period was associated with poor volume status, low fat mass and fat free mass, but these were improved at 1 year after KT.